120 lines
5.6 KiB
Plaintext
Executable File
120 lines
5.6 KiB
Plaintext
Executable File
Why the "volatile" type class should not be used
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C programmers have often taken volatile to mean that the variable could be
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changed outside of the current thread of execution; as a result, they are
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sometimes tempted to use it in kernel code when shared data structures are
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being used. In other words, they have been known to treat volatile types
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as a sort of easy atomic variable, which they are not. The use of volatile in
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kernel code is almost never correct; this document describes why.
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The key point to understand with regard to volatile is that its purpose is
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to suppress optimization, which is almost never what one really wants to
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do. In the kernel, one must protect shared data structures against
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unwanted concurrent access, which is very much a different task. The
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process of protecting against unwanted concurrency will also avoid almost
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all optimization-related problems in a more efficient way.
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Like volatile, the kernel primitives which make concurrent access to data
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safe (spinlocks, mutexes, memory barriers, etc.) are designed to prevent
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unwanted optimization. If they are being used properly, there will be no
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need to use volatile as well. If volatile is still necessary, there is
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almost certainly a bug in the code somewhere. In properly-written kernel
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code, volatile can only serve to slow things down.
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Consider a typical block of kernel code:
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spin_lock(&the_lock);
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do_something_on(&shared_data);
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do_something_else_with(&shared_data);
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spin_unlock(&the_lock);
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If all the code follows the locking rules, the value of shared_data cannot
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change unexpectedly while the_lock is held. Any other code which might
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want to play with that data will be waiting on the lock. The spinlock
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primitives act as memory barriers - they are explicitly written to do so -
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meaning that data accesses will not be optimized across them. So the
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compiler might think it knows what will be in shared_data, but the
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spin_lock() call, since it acts as a memory barrier, will force it to
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forget anything it knows. There will be no optimization problems with
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accesses to that data.
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If shared_data were declared volatile, the locking would still be
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necessary. But the compiler would also be prevented from optimizing access
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to shared_data _within_ the critical section, when we know that nobody else
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can be working with it. While the lock is held, shared_data is not
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volatile. When dealing with shared data, proper locking makes volatile
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unnecessary - and potentially harmful.
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The volatile storage class was originally meant for memory-mapped I/O
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registers. Within the kernel, register accesses, too, should be protected
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by locks, but one also does not want the compiler "optimizing" register
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accesses within a critical section. But, within the kernel, I/O memory
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accesses are always done through accessor functions; accessing I/O memory
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directly through pointers is frowned upon and does not work on all
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architectures. Those accessors are written to prevent unwanted
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optimization, so, once again, volatile is unnecessary.
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Another situation where one might be tempted to use volatile is
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when the processor is busy-waiting on the value of a variable. The right
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way to perform a busy wait is:
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while (my_variable != what_i_want)
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cpu_relax();
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The cpu_relax() call can lower CPU power consumption or yield to a
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hyperthreaded twin processor; it also happens to serve as a compiler
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barrier, so, once again, volatile is unnecessary. Of course, busy-
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waiting is generally an anti-social act to begin with.
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There are still a few rare situations where volatile makes sense in the
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kernel:
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- The above-mentioned accessor functions might use volatile on
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architectures where direct I/O memory access does work. Essentially,
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each accessor call becomes a little critical section on its own and
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ensures that the access happens as expected by the programmer.
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- Inline assembly code which changes memory, but which has no other
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visible side effects, risks being deleted by GCC. Adding the volatile
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keyword to asm statements will prevent this removal.
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- The jiffies variable is special in that it can have a different value
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every time it is referenced, but it can be read without any special
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locking. So jiffies can be volatile, but the addition of other
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variables of this type is strongly frowned upon. Jiffies is considered
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to be a "stupid legacy" issue (Linus's words) in this regard; fixing it
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would be more trouble than it is worth.
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- Pointers to data structures in coherent memory which might be modified
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by I/O devices can, sometimes, legitimately be volatile. A ring buffer
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used by a network adapter, where that adapter changes pointers to
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indicate which descriptors have been processed, is an example of this
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type of situation.
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For most code, none of the above justifications for volatile apply. As a
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result, the use of volatile is likely to be seen as a bug and will bring
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additional scrutiny to the code. Developers who are tempted to use
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volatile should take a step back and think about what they are truly trying
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to accomplish.
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Patches to remove volatile variables are generally welcome - as long as
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they come with a justification which shows that the concurrency issues have
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been properly thought through.
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NOTES
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-----
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[1] http://lwn.net/Articles/233481/
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[2] http://lwn.net/Articles/233482/
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CREDITS
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-------
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Original impetus and research by Randy Dunlap
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Written by Jonathan Corbet
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Improvements via comments from Satyam Sharma, Johannes Stezenbach, Jesper
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Juhl, Heikki Orsila, H. Peter Anvin, Philipp Hahn, and Stefan
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Richter.
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