792 lines
28 KiB
Plaintext
Executable File
792 lines
28 KiB
Plaintext
Executable File
IETF CIPSO Working Group
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16 July, 1992
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COMMERCIAL IP SECURITY OPTION (CIPSO 2.2)
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1. Status
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This Internet Draft provides the high level specification for a Commercial
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IP Security Option (CIPSO). This draft reflects the version as approved by
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the CIPSO IETF Working Group. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
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This document is an Internet Draft. Internet Drafts are working documents
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of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its Areas, and its Working
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Groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as
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Internet Drafts.
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Internet Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months.
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Internet Drafts may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents
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at any time. It is not appropriate to use Internet Drafts as reference
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material or to cite them other than as a "working draft" or "work in
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progress."
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Please check the I-D abstract listing contained in each Internet Draft
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directory to learn the current status of this or any other Internet Draft.
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2. Background
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Currently the Internet Protocol includes two security options. One of
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these options is the DoD Basic Security Option (BSO) (Type 130) which allows
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IP datagrams to be labeled with security classifications. This option
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provides sixteen security classifications and a variable number of handling
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restrictions. To handle additional security information, such as security
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categories or compartments, another security option (Type 133) exists and
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is referred to as the DoD Extended Security Option (ESO). The values for
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the fixed fields within these two options are administered by the Defense
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Information Systems Agency (DISA).
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Computer vendors are now building commercial operating systems with
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mandatory access controls and multi-level security. These systems are
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no longer built specifically for a particular group in the defense or
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intelligence communities. They are generally available commercial systems
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for use in a variety of government and civil sector environments.
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The small number of ESO format codes can not support all the possible
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applications of a commercial security option. The BSO and ESO were
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designed to only support the United States DoD. CIPSO has been designed
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to support multiple security policies. This Internet Draft provides the
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format and procedures required to support a Mandatory Access Control
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security policy. Support for additional security policies shall be
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defined in future RFCs.
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Internet Draft, Expires 15 Jan 93 [PAGE 1]
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CIPSO INTERNET DRAFT 16 July, 1992
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3. CIPSO Format
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Option type: 134 (Class 0, Number 6, Copy on Fragmentation)
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Option length: Variable
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This option permits security related information to be passed between
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systems within a single Domain of Interpretation (DOI). A DOI is a
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collection of systems which agree on the meaning of particular values
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in the security option. An authority that has been assigned a DOI
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identifier will define a mapping between appropriate CIPSO field values
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and their human readable equivalent. This authority will distribute that
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mapping to hosts within the authority's domain. These mappings may be
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sensitive, therefore a DOI authority is not required to make these
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mappings available to anyone other than the systems that are included in
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the DOI.
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This option MUST be copied on fragmentation. This option appears at most
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once in a datagram. All multi-octet fields in the option are defined to be
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transmitted in network byte order. The format of this option is as follows:
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+----------+----------+------//------+-----------//---------+
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+----------+----------+------//------+-----------//---------+
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TYPE=134 OPTION DOMAIN OF TAGS
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LENGTH INTERPRETATION
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Figure 1. CIPSO Format
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3.1 Type
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This field is 1 octet in length. Its value is 134.
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3.2 Length
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This field is 1 octet in length. It is the total length of the option
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including the type and length fields. With the current IP header length
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restriction of 40 octets the value of this field MUST not exceed 40.
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3.3 Domain of Interpretation Identifier
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This field is an unsigned 32 bit integer. The value 0 is reserved and MUST
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not appear as the DOI identifier in any CIPSO option. Implementations
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should assume that the DOI identifier field is not aligned on any particular
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byte boundary.
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To conserve space in the protocol, security levels and categories are
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represented by numbers rather than their ASCII equivalent. This requires
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a mapping table within CIPSO hosts to map these numbers to their
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corresponding ASCII representations. Non-related groups of systems may
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Internet Draft, Expires 15 Jan 93 [PAGE 2]
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CIPSO INTERNET DRAFT 16 July, 1992
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have their own unique mappings. For example, one group of systems may
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use the number 5 to represent Unclassified while another group may use the
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number 1 to represent that same security level. The DOI identifier is used
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to identify which mapping was used for the values within the option.
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3.4 Tag Types
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A common format for passing security related information is necessary
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for interoperability. CIPSO uses sets of "tags" to contain the security
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information relevant to the data in the IP packet. Each tag begins with
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a tag type identifier followed by the length of the tag and ends with the
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actual security information to be passed. All multi-octet fields in a tag
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are defined to be transmitted in network byte order. Like the DOI
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identifier field in the CIPSO header, implementations should assume that
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all tags, as well as fields within a tag, are not aligned on any particular
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octet boundary. The tag types defined in this document contain alignment
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bytes to assist alignment of some information, however alignment can not
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be guaranteed if CIPSO is not the first IP option.
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CIPSO tag types 0 through 127 are reserved for defining standard tag
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formats. Their definitions will be published in RFCs. Tag types whose
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identifiers are greater than 127 are defined by the DOI authority and may
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only be meaningful in certain Domains of Interpretation. For these tag
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types, implementations will require the DOI identifier as well as the tag
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number to determine the security policy and the format associated with the
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tag. Use of tag types above 127 are restricted to closed networks where
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interoperability with other networks will not be an issue. Implementations
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that support a tag type greater than 127 MUST support at least one DOI that
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requires only tag types 1 to 127.
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Tag type 0 is reserved. Tag types 1, 2, and 5 are defined in this
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Internet Draft. Types 3 and 4 are reserved for work in progress.
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The standard format for all current and future CIPSO tags is shown below:
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+----------+----------+--------//--------+
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| TTTTTTTT | LLLLLLLL | IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII |
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+----------+----------+--------//--------+
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TAG TAG TAG
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TYPE LENGTH INFORMATION
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Figure 2: Standard Tag Format
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In the three tag types described in this document, the length and count
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restrictions are based on the current IP limitation of 40 octets for all
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IP options. If the IP header is later expanded, then the length and count
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restrictions specified in this document may increase to use the full area
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provided for IP options.
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3.4.1 Tag Type Classes
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Tag classes consist of tag types that have common processing requirements
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and support the same security policy. The three tags defined in this
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Internet Draft belong to the Mandatory Access Control (MAC) Sensitivity
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Internet Draft, Expires 15 Jan 93 [PAGE 3]
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CIPSO INTERNET DRAFT 16 July, 1992
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class and support the MAC Sensitivity security policy.
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3.4.2 Tag Type 1
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This is referred to as the "bit-mapped" tag type. Tag type 1 is included
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in the MAC Sensitivity tag type class. The format of this tag type is as
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follows:
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+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------//---------+
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| 00000001 | LLLLLLLL | 00000000 | LLLLLLLL | CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC |
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+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------//---------+
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TAG TAG ALIGNMENT SENSITIVITY BIT MAP OF
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TYPE LENGTH OCTET LEVEL CATEGORIES
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Figure 3. Tag Type 1 Format
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3.4.2.1 Tag Type
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This field is 1 octet in length and has a value of 1.
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3.4.2.2 Tag Length
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This field is 1 octet in length. It is the total length of the tag type
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including the type and length fields. With the current IP header length
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restriction of 40 bytes the value within this field is between 4 and 34.
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3.4.2.3 Alignment Octet
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This field is 1 octet in length and always has the value of 0. Its purpose
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is to align the category bitmap field on an even octet boundary. This will
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speed many implementations including router implementations.
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3.4.2.4 Sensitivity Level
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This field is 1 octet in length. Its value is from 0 to 255. The values
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are ordered with 0 being the minimum value and 255 representing the maximum
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value.
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3.4.2.5 Bit Map of Categories
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The length of this field is variable and ranges from 0 to 30 octets. This
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provides representation of categories 0 to 239. The ordering of the bits
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is left to right or MSB to LSB. For example category 0 is represented by
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the most significant bit of the first byte and category 15 is represented
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by the least significant bit of the second byte. Figure 4 graphically
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shows this ordering. Bit N is binary 1 if category N is part of the label
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for the datagram, and bit N is binary 0 if category N is not part of the
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label. Except for the optimized tag 1 format described in the next section,
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Internet Draft, Expires 15 Jan 93 [PAGE 4]
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CIPSO INTERNET DRAFT 16 July, 1992
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minimal encoding SHOULD be used resulting in no trailing zero octets in the
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category bitmap.
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octet 0 octet 1 octet 2 octet 3 octet 4 octet 5
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XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX . . .
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bit 01234567 89111111 11112222 22222233 33333333 44444444
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number 012345 67890123 45678901 23456789 01234567
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Figure 4. Ordering of Bits in Tag 1 Bit Map
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3.4.2.6 Optimized Tag 1 Format
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Routers work most efficiently when processing fixed length fields. To
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support these routers there is an optimized form of tag type 1. The format
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does not change. The only change is to the category bitmap which is set to
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a constant length of 10 octets. Trailing octets required to fill out the 10
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octets are zero filled. Ten octets, allowing for 80 categories, was chosen
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because it makes the total length of the CIPSO option 20 octets. If CIPSO
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is the only option then the option will be full word aligned and additional
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filler octets will not be required.
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3.4.3 Tag Type 2
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This is referred to as the "enumerated" tag type. It is used to describe
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large but sparsely populated sets of categories. Tag type 2 is in the MAC
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Sensitivity tag type class. The format of this tag type is as follows:
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+----------+----------+----------+----------+-------------//-------------+
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| 00000010 | LLLLLLLL | 00000000 | LLLLLLLL | CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC |
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+----------+----------+----------+----------+-------------//-------------+
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TAG TAG ALIGNMENT SENSITIVITY ENUMERATED
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TYPE LENGTH OCTET LEVEL CATEGORIES
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Figure 5. Tag Type 2 Format
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3.4.3.1 Tag Type
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This field is one octet in length and has a value of 2.
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3.4.3.2 Tag Length
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This field is 1 octet in length. It is the total length of the tag type
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including the type and length fields. With the current IP header length
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restriction of 40 bytes the value within this field is between 4 and 34.
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3.4.3.3 Alignment Octet
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This field is 1 octet in length and always has the value of 0. Its purpose
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is to align the category field on an even octet boundary. This will
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Internet Draft, Expires 15 Jan 93 [PAGE 5]
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CIPSO INTERNET DRAFT 16 July, 1992
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speed many implementations including router implementations.
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3.4.3.4 Sensitivity Level
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This field is 1 octet in length. Its value is from 0 to 255. The values
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are ordered with 0 being the minimum value and 255 representing the
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maximum value.
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3.4.3.5 Enumerated Categories
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In this tag, categories are represented by their actual value rather than
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by their position within a bit field. The length of each category is 2
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octets. Up to 15 categories may be represented by this tag. Valid values
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for categories are 0 to 65534. Category 65535 is not a valid category
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value. The categories MUST be listed in ascending order within the tag.
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3.4.4 Tag Type 5
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This is referred to as the "range" tag type. It is used to represent
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labels where all categories in a range, or set of ranges, are included
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in the sensitivity label. Tag type 5 is in the MAC Sensitivity tag type
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class. The format of this tag type is as follows:
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+----------+----------+----------+----------+------------//-------------+
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| 00000101 | LLLLLLLL | 00000000 | LLLLLLLL | Top/Bottom | Top/Bottom |
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+----------+----------+----------+----------+------------//-------------+
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TAG TAG ALIGNMENT SENSITIVITY CATEGORY RANGES
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TYPE LENGTH OCTET LEVEL
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Figure 6. Tag Type 5 Format
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3.4.4.1 Tag Type
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This field is one octet in length and has a value of 5.
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3.4.4.2 Tag Length
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This field is 1 octet in length. It is the total length of the tag type
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including the type and length fields. With the current IP header length
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restriction of 40 bytes the value within this field is between 4 and 34.
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3.4.4.3 Alignment Octet
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This field is 1 octet in length and always has the value of 0. Its purpose
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is to align the category range field on an even octet boundary. This will
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speed many implementations including router implementations.
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Internet Draft, Expires 15 Jan 93 [PAGE 6]
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CIPSO INTERNET DRAFT 16 July, 1992
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3.4.4.4 Sensitivity Level
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This field is 1 octet in length. Its value is from 0 to 255. The values
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are ordered with 0 being the minimum value and 255 representing the maximum
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value.
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3.4.4.5 Category Ranges
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A category range is a 4 octet field comprised of the 2 octet index of the
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highest numbered category followed by the 2 octet index of the lowest
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numbered category. These range endpoints are inclusive within the range of
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categories. All categories within a range are included in the sensitivity
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label. This tag may contain a maximum of 7 category pairs. The bottom
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category endpoint for the last pair in the tag MAY be omitted and SHOULD be
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assumed to be 0. The ranges MUST be non-overlapping and be listed in
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descending order. Valid values for categories are 0 to 65534. Category
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65535 is not a valid category value.
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3.4.5 Minimum Requirements
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A CIPSO implementation MUST be capable of generating at least tag type 1 in
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the non-optimized form. In addition, a CIPSO implementation MUST be able
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to receive any valid tag type 1 even those using the optimized tag type 1
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format.
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4. Configuration Parameters
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The configuration parameters defined below are required for all CIPSO hosts,
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gateways, and routers that support multiple sensitivity labels. A CIPSO
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host is defined to be the origination or destination system for an IP
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datagram. A CIPSO gateway provides IP routing services between two or more
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IP networks and may be required to perform label translations between
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networks. A CIPSO gateway may be an enhanced CIPSO host or it may just
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provide gateway services with no end system CIPSO capabilities. A CIPSO
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router is a dedicated IP router that routes IP datagrams between two or more
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IP networks.
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An implementation of CIPSO on a host MUST have the capability to reject a
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datagram for reasons that the information contained can not be adequately
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protected by the receiving host or if acceptance may result in violation of
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the host or network security policy. In addition, a CIPSO gateway or router
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MUST be able to reject datagrams going to networks that can not provide
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adequate protection or may violate the network's security policy. To
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provide this capability the following minimal set of configuration
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parameters are required for CIPSO implementations:
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HOST_LABEL_MAX - This parameter contains the maximum sensitivity label that
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a CIPSO host is authorized to handle. All datagrams that have a label
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greater than this maximum MUST be rejected by the CIPSO host. This
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parameter does not apply to CIPSO gateways or routers. This parameter need
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not be defined explicitly as it can be implicitly derived from the
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PORT_LABEL_MAX parameters for the associated interfaces.
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Internet Draft, Expires 15 Jan 93 [PAGE 7]
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CIPSO INTERNET DRAFT 16 July, 1992
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HOST_LABEL_MIN - This parameter contains the minimum sensitivity label that
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a CIPSO host is authorized to handle. All datagrams that have a label less
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than this minimum MUST be rejected by the CIPSO host. This parameter does
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not apply to CIPSO gateways or routers. This parameter need not be defined
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explicitly as it can be implicitly derived from the PORT_LABEL_MIN
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parameters for the associated interfaces.
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PORT_LABEL_MAX - This parameter contains the maximum sensitivity label for
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all datagrams that may exit a particular network interface port. All
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outgoing datagrams that have a label greater than this maximum MUST be
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rejected by the CIPSO system. The label within this parameter MUST be
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less than or equal to the label within the HOST_LABEL_MAX parameter. This
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parameter does not apply to CIPSO hosts that support only one network port.
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PORT_LABEL_MIN - This parameter contains the minimum sensitivity label for
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all datagrams that may exit a particular network interface port. All
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outgoing datagrams that have a label less than this minimum MUST be
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rejected by the CIPSO system. The label within this parameter MUST be
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greater than or equal to the label within the HOST_LABEL_MIN parameter.
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This parameter does not apply to CIPSO hosts that support only one network
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port.
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PORT_DOI - This parameter is used to assign a DOI identifier value to a
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particular network interface port. All CIPSO labels within datagrams
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going out this port MUST use the specified DOI identifier. All CIPSO
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hosts and gateways MUST support either this parameter, the NET_DOI
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parameter, or the HOST_DOI parameter.
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NET_DOI - This parameter is used to assign a DOI identifier value to a
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particular IP network address. All CIPSO labels within datagrams destined
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for the particular IP network MUST use the specified DOI identifier. All
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CIPSO hosts and gateways MUST support either this parameter, the PORT_DOI
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parameter, or the HOST_DOI parameter.
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HOST_DOI - This parameter is used to assign a DOI identifier value to a
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particular IP host address. All CIPSO labels within datagrams destined for
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the particular IP host will use the specified DOI identifier. All CIPSO
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hosts and gateways MUST support either this parameter, the PORT_DOI
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parameter, or the NET_DOI parameter.
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This list represents the minimal set of configuration parameters required
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to be compliant. Implementors are encouraged to add to this list to
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provide enhanced functionality and control. For example, many security
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policies may require both incoming and outgoing datagrams be checked against
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the port and host label ranges.
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4.1 Port Range Parameters
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The labels represented by the PORT_LABEL_MAX and PORT_LABEL_MIN parameters
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MAY be in CIPSO or local format. Some CIPSO systems, such as routers, may
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want to have the range parameters expressed in CIPSO format so that incoming
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labels do not have to be converted to a local format before being compared
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against the range. If multiple DOIs are supported by one of these CIPSO
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Internet Draft, Expires 15 Jan 93 [PAGE 8]
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CIPSO INTERNET DRAFT 16 July, 1992
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systems then multiple port range parameters would be needed, one set for
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each DOI supported on a particular port.
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The port range will usually represent the total set of labels that may
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exist on the logical network accessed through the corresponding network
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interface. It may, however, represent a subset of these labels that are
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allowed to enter the CIPSO system.
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4.2 Single Label CIPSO Hosts
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CIPSO implementations that support only one label are not required to
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support the parameters described above. These limited implementations are
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only required to support a NET_LABEL parameter. This parameter contains
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the CIPSO label that may be inserted in datagrams that exit the host. In
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addition, the host MUST reject any incoming datagram that has a label which
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is not equivalent to the NET_LABEL parameter.
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5. Handling Procedures
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This section describes the processing requirements for incoming and
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outgoing IP datagrams. Just providing the correct CIPSO label format
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|
is not enough. Assumptions will be made by one system on how a
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|
receiving system will handle the CIPSO label. Wrong assumptions may
|
|
lead to non-interoperability or even a security incident. The
|
|
requirements described below represent the minimal set needed for
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interoperability and that provide users some level of confidence.
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Many other requirements could be added to increase user confidence,
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however at the risk of restricting creativity and limiting vendor
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participation.
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5.1 Input Procedures
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All datagrams received through a network port MUST have a security label
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associated with them, either contained in the datagram or assigned to the
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receiving port. Without this label the host, gateway, or router will not
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|
have the information it needs to make security decisions. This security
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|
label will be obtained from the CIPSO if the option is present in the
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datagram. See section 4.1.2 for handling procedures for unlabeled
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datagrams. This label will be compared against the PORT (if appropriate)
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and HOST configuration parameters defined in section 3.
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If any field within the CIPSO option, such as the DOI identifier, is not
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|
recognized the IP datagram is discarded and an ICMP "parameter problem"
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(type 12) is generated and returned. The ICMP code field is set to "bad
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|
parameter" (code 0) and the pointer is set to the start of the CIPSO field
|
|
that is unrecognized.
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If the contents of the CIPSO are valid but the security label is
|
|
outside of the configured host or port label range, the datagram is
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discarded and an ICMP "destination unreachable" (type 3) is generated
|
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and returned. The code field of the ICMP is set to "communication with
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destination network administratively prohibited" (code 9) or to
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Internet Draft, Expires 15 Jan 93 [PAGE 9]
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CIPSO INTERNET DRAFT 16 July, 1992
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"communication with destination host administratively prohibited"
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(code 10). The value of the code field used is dependent upon whether
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the originator of the ICMP message is acting as a CIPSO host or a CIPSO
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gateway. The recipient of the ICMP message MUST be able to handle either
|
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value. The same procedure is performed if a CIPSO can not be added to an
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IP packet because it is too large to fit in the IP options area.
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If the error is triggered by receipt of an ICMP message, the message
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|
is discarded and no response is permitted (consistent with general ICMP
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processing rules).
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5.1.1 Unrecognized tag types
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The default condition for any CIPSO implementation is that an
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unrecognized tag type MUST be treated as a "parameter problem" and
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handled as described in section 4.1. A CIPSO implementation MAY allow
|
|
the system administrator to identify tag types that may safely be
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|
ignored. This capability is an allowable enhancement, not a
|
|
requirement.
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5.1.2 Unlabeled Packets
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A network port may be configured to not require a CIPSO label for all
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incoming datagrams. For this configuration a CIPSO label must be
|
|
assigned to that network port and associated with all unlabeled IP
|
|
datagrams. This capability might be used for single level networks or
|
|
networks that have CIPSO and non-CIPSO hosts and the non-CIPSO hosts
|
|
all operate at the same label.
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If a CIPSO option is required and none is found, the datagram is
|
|
discarded and an ICMP "parameter problem" (type 12) is generated and
|
|
returned to the originator of the datagram. The code field of the ICMP
|
|
is set to "option missing" (code 1) and the ICMP pointer is set to 134
|
|
(the value of the option type for the missing CIPSO option).
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5.2 Output Procedures
|
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A CIPSO option MUST appear only once in a datagram. Only one tag type
|
|
from the MAC Sensitivity class MAY be included in a CIPSO option. Given
|
|
the current set of defined tag types, this means that CIPSO labels at
|
|
first will contain only one tag.
|
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All datagrams leaving a CIPSO system MUST meet the following condition:
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PORT_LABEL_MIN <= CIPSO label <= PORT_LABEL_MAX
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If this condition is not satisfied the datagram MUST be discarded.
|
|
If the CIPSO system only supports one port, the HOST_LABEL_MIN and the
|
|
HOST_LABEL_MAX parameters MAY be substituted for the PORT parameters in
|
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the above condition.
|
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|
The DOI identifier to be used for all outgoing datagrams is configured by
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Internet Draft, Expires 15 Jan 93 [PAGE 10]
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CIPSO INTERNET DRAFT 16 July, 1992
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the administrator. If port level DOI identifier assignment is used, then
|
|
the PORT_DOI configuration parameter MUST contain the DOI identifier to
|
|
use. If network level DOI assignment is used, then the NET_DOI parameter
|
|
MUST contain the DOI identifier to use. And if host level DOI assignment
|
|
is employed, then the HOST_DOI parameter MUST contain the DOI identifier
|
|
to use. A CIPSO implementation need only support one level of DOI
|
|
assignment.
|
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|
5.3 DOI Processing Requirements
|
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|
|
A CIPSO implementation MUST support at least one DOI and SHOULD support
|
|
multiple DOIs. System and network administrators are cautioned to
|
|
ensure that at least one DOI is common within an IP network to allow for
|
|
broadcasting of IP datagrams.
|
|
|
|
CIPSO gateways MUST be capable of translating a CIPSO option from one
|
|
DOI to another when forwarding datagrams between networks. For
|
|
efficiency purposes this capability is only a desired feature for CIPSO
|
|
routers.
|
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|
5.4 Label of ICMP Messages
|
|
|
|
The CIPSO label to be used on all outgoing ICMP messages MUST be equivalent
|
|
to the label of the datagram that caused the ICMP message. If the ICMP was
|
|
generated due to a problem associated with the original CIPSO label then the
|
|
following responses are allowed:
|
|
|
|
a. Use the CIPSO label of the original IP datagram
|
|
b. Drop the original datagram with no return message generated
|
|
|
|
In most cases these options will have the same effect. If you can not
|
|
interpret the label or if it is outside the label range of your host or
|
|
interface then an ICMP message with the same label will probably not be
|
|
able to exit the system.
|
|
|
|
|
|
6. Assignment of DOI Identifier Numbers =
|
|
|
|
Requests for assignment of a DOI identifier number should be addressed to
|
|
the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
|
|
|
|
|
|
7. Acknowledgements
|
|
|
|
Much of the material in this RFC is based on (and copied from) work
|
|
done by Gary Winiger of Sun Microsystems and published as Commercial
|
|
IP Security Option at the INTEROP 89, Commercial IPSO Workshop.
|
|
|
|
|
|
8. Author's Address
|
|
|
|
To submit mail for distribution to members of the IETF CIPSO Working
|
|
Group, send mail to: cipso@wdl1.wdl.loral.com.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Internet Draft, Expires 15 Jan 93 [PAGE 11]
|
|
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|
|
CIPSO INTERNET DRAFT 16 July, 1992
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
To be added to or deleted from this distribution, send mail to:
|
|
cipso-request@wdl1.wdl.loral.com.
|
|
|
|
|
|
9. References
|
|
|
|
RFC 1038, "Draft Revised IP Security Option", M. St. Johns, IETF, January
|
|
1988.
|
|
|
|
RFC 1108, "U.S. Department of Defense Security Options
|
|
for the Internet Protocol", Stephen Kent, IAB, 1 March, 1991.
|
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Internet Draft, Expires 15 Jan 93 [PAGE 12]
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